The development of capitalism in the countries of the Arab Near East in the first half of the twentieth century: A model of the experience of the Syrian bourgeoisie in the transition to industrial society and modern civil society

Abstract

The aim of the research is to shed light on the problems of the development of capitalism in the Arab Near East countries in the first half of the twentieth century, and to focus on the Syrian experience in the transition to capitalist modernity, which his roots extend to the historical experiences of Syrian cities in industry and commerce, the research focused on reviewing these experiences, before The emergence of the external factor represented by foreign capital, period from the late nineteenth century until of the stage of World War II. We analyzed this role in the development of capitalism objectively and critically. The research stopped at the experience of the Syrian bourgeoisie in the transition to a modern industrial society and the establishment of modern state, which is based on the principle of supremacy law and institutions and the stimulation of civil community organizations. The research relied on the method of historical descriptive approach and socio- economic analysis of the statistical data. The research concluded with a set of results and recommendations summed up in the need to re- read these experiences and for decision- makers to benefit from them, Especially now, which the international conditions change very quickly as well as western hegemony so there is a golden opportunity for Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the UAE Qatar and Algeria to take advantage of these conditions and from this research and its outputs, this may be useful in rebuilding the modern Arab industrial society and in consolidating the principles the state of law and institutions, a pluralistic political society, and the peaceful transfer of power.